There are three data states of data:

• Data at rest
• Data in motion
• Data in use

Data at rest:

• Data stored in databases, file systems, or storage systems, not actively moving
• Encryption methods:
  • Full Disk Encryption (FDE)
  • Partition Encryption
  • File Encryption
  • Volume Encryption
  • Database Encryption
  • Record Encryption

Data in Transit (Data in Motion)

• Data actively moving from one location to another, vulnerable to interception
• Transport Encryption Methods:
  • SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) and TLS (Transport Layer Security)
  • VPN (Virtual Private Network)
  • IPSec (Internet Protocol Security)

Data in Use

• Data actively being created, retrieved, updated, or deleted
• Protection measures:
  • Encryption at the Application Level
  • Access Controls
  • Secure Enclaves
  • Mechanisms like INTEL Software Guard